Personality and Personal Skill Development BBA 3rd Semester Notes

Unit 1

Personality: Meaning, Elements/Determinants, Types, Development, and Disorders

Meaning of Personality:

  • Definition: Personality refers to the unique and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and traits that define an individual’s character and influence their interactions with the environment.
  • Key Features:
    • Reflects individuality.
    • Relatively stable over time.
    • Shaped by biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

Elements/Determinants of Personality:

1. Biological Factors:

  • Genetics: Inherited traits such as temperament influence personality development.
  • Brain Structure and Chemistry: Neural functioning and hormonal balance impact personality traits.
  • Physical Appearance: Height, weight, and physical features can affect self-image and interactions.

2. Environmental Factors:

  • Family Environment: Early childhood experiences, parenting style, and familial relationships play a critical role.
  • Cultural Influence: Cultural norms, values, and societal expectations shape personality.
  • Social Groups: Peer influence and social interactions contribute to behavior and attitudes.

3. Psychological Factors:

  • Motivation: Drives and desires that guide behavior.
  • Emotional Regulation: Ability to manage and express emotions effectively.
  • Cognitive Factors: Thought processes, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.

4. Situational Factors:

  • Personality may temporarily vary depending on the situation, environment, or context.

Types of Personality:

1. Based on Personality Traits (Big Five Model):

  • Openness: Imagination, creativity, and openness to new experiences.
  • Conscientiousness: Discipline, organization, and reliability.
  • Extraversion: Sociability, energy, and enthusiasm.
  • Agreeableness: Kindness, cooperation, and trustworthiness.
  • Neuroticism: Emotional instability, anxiety, and mood swings.

2. Based on Carl Jung’s Theory:

  • Introverts: Reserved, reflective, and inward-focused individuals.
  • Extroverts: Outgoing, energetic, and socially-oriented individuals.
  • Ambiverts: A mix of introvert and extrovert tendencies.

3. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI):

  • Divides personality into 16 types based on four dichotomies:
    • Introversion vs. Extraversion
    • Sensing vs. Intuition
    • Thinking vs. Feeling
    • Judging vs. Perceiving

4. Based on Behavioral Patterns:

  • Type A: Competitive, ambitious, and highly organized.
  • Type B: Relaxed, easy-going, and flexible.
  • Type C: Detail-oriented, analytical, and suppressive of emotions.
  • Type D: Pessimistic, reserved, and prone to stress.

Development of Personality:

1. Stages of Personality Development:

  • Infancy: Basic personality begins to form through trust and attachment (Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust stage).
  • Childhood: Cognitive and social development shapes personality traits.
  • Adolescence: Identity formation, peer influence, and exploration of self.
  • Adulthood: Refinement of personality based on experiences and responsibilities.

2. Theories of Personality Development:

  • Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:
    • Focuses on unconscious drives and early childhood experiences.
    • Id, Ego, and Superego influence personality.
  • Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory:
    • Eight stages of development, each with a specific psychosocial conflict.
  • Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory:
    • Emphasizes the role of observation, imitation, and social interactions.
  • Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
    • Personality develops as individuals strive to meet their needs (physiological to self-actualization).

3. Factors Influencing Personality Development:

  • Parenting Style: Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful styles.
  • Education: Knowledge and exposure influence personality traits.
  • Life Experiences: Success, failure, and trauma shape behavior and attitudes.

Personality Disorders:

Definition:

  • Personality disorders are mental health conditions characterized by rigid, unhealthy patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that significantly impact one’s relationships, work, and daily life.

Categories of Personality Disorders (DSM-5):

  1. Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric Behavior):
    • Paranoid Personality Disorder: Distrust and suspicion of others.
    • Schizoid Personality Disorder: Emotional detachment and limited social interaction.
    • Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Eccentric behavior, unusual thinking, and discomfort in close relationships.
  2. Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior):
    • Antisocial Personality Disorder: Disregard for others, impulsivity, and lack of empathy.
    • Borderline Personality Disorder: Emotional instability, fear of abandonment, and unstable relationships.
    • Histrionic Personality Disorder: Attention-seeking, excessive emotions, and dramatic behavior.
    • Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.
  3. Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful Behavior):
    • Avoidant Personality Disorder: Extreme sensitivity to rejection and fear of social interactions.
    • Dependent Personality Disorder: Excessive reliance on others for emotional and decision-making support.
    • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD): Preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control.

Causes of Personality Disorders:

  • Genetic Factors: Family history of personality disorders.
  • Childhood Trauma: Abuse, neglect, or unstable family dynamics.
  • Brain Chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters affecting mood and behavior.

Treatment:

  • Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), or psychoanalysis.
  • Medication: Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or antipsychotics to manage symptoms.
  • Lifestyle Changes: Stress management, healthy routines, and support systems.

By understanding personality and its various dimensions, individuals and professionals can promote healthy growth, identify challenges, and provide interventions for better personal and interpersonal outcomes. Let me know if you’d like more details on any of these sections!

Concept of Self-Esteem

Meaning of Self-Esteem:

  • Definition: Self-esteem refers to the overall subjective evaluation of one’s own worth. It encompasses beliefs, emotions, and attitudes about oneself and reflects how much individuals value themselves.
  • Key Features:
    • Self-Worth: It reflects how valuable or worthy a person feels.
    • Self-Confidence: The belief in one’s abilities and judgment.
    • Self-Respect: Acknowledging and respecting one’s rights and boundaries.
    • Impact: High self-esteem leads to a positive outlook and resilience, while low self-esteem can lead to feelings of inadequacy and insecurity.

Factors Affecting Self-Esteem:

  1. Early Childhood Experiences: Positive reinforcement, nurturing relationships, and healthy family environments contribute to the development of high self-esteem.
  2. Social Influence: Peer pressure, societal standards, and the media can shape self-esteem, especially during adolescence.
  3. Achievements: Successes in academics, work, and personal goals often boost self-esteem.
  4. Self-Perception: The way an individual views their strengths, weaknesses, and appearance influences their self-worth.
  5. Feedback from Others: Praise, criticism, and how people treat an individual also impact self-esteem.

Types of Self-Esteem:

  1. High Self-Esteem:
    • Individuals with high self-esteem are confident, have a positive self-image, and feel capable of handling challenges.
  2. Low Self-Esteem:
    • People with low self-esteem often feel inadequate, insecure, and are overly critical of themselves.

Improving Self-Esteem:

  • Positive Self-Talk: Replacing negative thoughts with affirming, supportive statements.
  • Setting Achievable Goals: Accomplishing small tasks to build confidence.
  • Building Healthy Relationships: Surrounding oneself with supportive people.
  • Self-Care: Practicing physical and emotional self-care, such as exercising and seeking therapy.

Assertiveness

Meaning of Assertiveness:

  • Definition: Assertiveness is the ability to express one’s thoughts, feelings, and beliefs in an open, honest, and respectful manner while respecting the rights of others. It is the balance between passivity and aggression.
  • Key Features:
    • Clear Communication: Expressing needs and opinions directly without aggression or subordination.
    • Self-Respect: Standing up for oneself while respecting others.
    • Emotional Regulation: Assertive individuals manage their emotions and express them appropriately.

Benefits of Assertiveness:

  1. Improved Relationships: Clear communication fosters mutual understanding.
  2. Increased Self-Confidence: Expressing one’s thoughts effectively enhances personal confidence.
  3. Reduced Stress: By communicating needs directly, there is less buildup of frustration or resentment.
  4. Better Conflict Resolution: Assertive individuals can address and resolve conflicts calmly and effectively.

Assertiveness vs. Aggression:

  • Assertiveness: Expresses needs while respecting others’ rights and maintaining a balance of power.
  • Aggression: Involves imposing one’s will over others, often disrespectfully and with disregard for others’ rights.

Ways to Develop Assertiveness:

  • Use “I” Statements: Focus on expressing personal feelings and needs (e.g., “I feel frustrated when…”).
  • Body Language: Maintain open, confident posture and make eye contact.
  • Practice Active Listening: Respectfully listen to others’ points of view.
  • Set Boundaries: Know when to say no or express discomfort.

Interpersonal Awareness (JOHARI Window)

Meaning of Interpersonal Awareness:

  • Definition: Interpersonal awareness refers to understanding and recognizing one’s emotions, behavior, and impact on others in social interactions. It involves the ability to perceive and interpret social cues, reactions, and dynamics in relationships.

The JOHARI Window:

The JOHARI Window is a psychological tool that helps individuals understand their self-awareness and how they are perceived by others in interpersonal relationships. It also helps improve communication and self-development.

  • Developed by: Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham (1955)
  • Four Quadrants:
    1. Open Area (Arena):
      • Known to self and others: This is the information about you that you and others are both aware of (e.g., behavior, skills, and interests). The more you disclose, the larger this area becomes.
    2. Blind Area:
      • Known to others but not to self: These are aspects of your behavior or traits that others observe, but you are unaware of (e.g., habits, tone of voice). Feedback from others can reduce this area.
    3. Hidden Area (Façade):
      • Known to self but not to others: This is private information that you know about yourself but have not shared with others (e.g., fears, desires). The more you disclose, the smaller this area becomes.
    4. Unknown Area:
      • Unknown to self and others: This area represents aspects of yourself that are neither known to you nor to others (e.g., repressed memories, subconscious patterns). Through self-reflection or deep exploration, this area can be minimized.

Improving Interpersonal Awareness:

  • Self-Disclosure: Share personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences to expand the open area.
  • Seeking Feedback: Actively ask for feedback from others to reduce the blind area.
  • Active Listening: Understand and interpret others’ thoughts and emotions accurately.
  • Self-Reflection: Reflect on your actions, feelings, and how they may affect others.

Benefits of Interpersonal Awareness:

  1. Improved Communication: Understanding yourself and others enhances the clarity and effectiveness of communication.
  2. Better Relationships: Reduces misunderstandings and fosters deeper connections.
  3. Personal Growth: Helps in identifying strengths and areas for improvement.
  4. Conflict Resolution: By understanding others’ perspectives, conflicts are resolved with greater empathy.

In summary, Self-Esteem, Assertiveness, and Interpersonal Awareness are vital components of personal development and healthy relationships. They help individuals express themselves confidently, foster mutual respect, and engage meaningfully with others. Let me know if you’d like more elaboration on any of these topics!

Empathy

Meaning of Empathy:

  • Definition: Empathy is the ability to understand, share, and resonate with the feelings of others. It involves perceiving the emotional state of another person, feeling what they feel, and, to some extent, responding in ways that reflect that understanding.

Key Aspects of Empathy:

  1. Cognitive Empathy: The ability to understand another person’s thoughts, feelings, and perspective without necessarily sharing those emotions.
  2. Emotional Empathy: The ability to physically feel what someone else is feeling, as if their emotions were contagious.
  3. Compassionate Empathy: The drive to help others based on understanding and sharing their feelings, which motivates helping behaviors.

Benefits of Empathy:

  • Improved Relationships: Empathy fosters deeper connections and trust between individuals.
  • Conflict Resolution: Helps in understanding differing perspectives and resolving disputes harmoniously.
  • Emotional Support: Empathetic individuals provide support and comfort to others during challenging times.
  • Leadership: Empathetic leaders are better at managing teams, understanding their needs, and providing motivation.

Ways to Develop Empathy:

  1. Active Listening: Pay attention to what others are saying without judgment or interruption.
  2. Non-Verbal Cues: Be aware of body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice, which can provide insight into someone’s emotional state.
  3. Put Yourself in Others’ Shoes: Try to understand situations from others’ perspectives.
  4. Ask Questions: Inquire about how others feel and what they are experiencing to deepen understanding.

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

Meaning of Emotional Intelligence:

  • Definition: Emotional Intelligence is the ability to identify, understand, manage, and regulate one’s own emotions and the emotions of others. It involves emotional awareness, emotional regulation, and using emotional information to guide thinking and behavior.

Key Components of Emotional Intelligence (Daniel Goleman’s Model):

  1. Self-Awareness: Recognizing and understanding your own emotions, and how they affect thoughts and behavior.
  2. Self-Regulation: Managing and controlling your emotions, particularly in stressful or challenging situations.
  3. Motivation: Using emotional drives to pursue goals with energy and persistence, maintaining a positive attitude despite setbacks.
  4. Empathy: Recognizing and understanding the emotions of others, as discussed earlier.
  5. Social Skills: Building and maintaining healthy relationships through effective communication, conflict resolution, and collaboration.

Benefits of Emotional Intelligence:

  • Improved Communication: EI helps in expressing oneself clearly while understanding others’ emotional needs.
  • Better Relationships: Individuals with high EI build trust and stronger social bonds.
  • Stress Management: Emotional regulation helps in staying calm under pressure.
  • Leadership: Leaders with high EI can motivate teams, manage conflicts, and build strong interpersonal connections.

Ways to Develop Emotional Intelligence:

  1. Mindfulness: Practicing mindfulness helps with self-awareness and emotional regulation.
  2. Reflect on Emotions: Take time to reflect on your emotional responses and their impact on decisions.
  3. Empathy Practice: Engage in active listening and perspective-taking to understand others better.
  4. Seek Feedback: Get feedback from others to improve emotional awareness and interpersonal skills.

Time Management

Meaning of Time Management:

  • Definition: Time management is the process of planning and organizing how to divide time between different activities to work efficiently and effectively. It involves setting priorities, goals, and deadlines to ensure productivity.

Key Techniques for Effective Time Management:

  1. Prioritization:
    • Use techniques like the Eisenhower Matrix (urgent vs. important) to prioritize tasks.
  2. Planning and Scheduling:
    • Use calendars, to-do lists, or time-blocking techniques to allocate specific times for tasks.
  3. Set SMART Goals:
    • Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound goals help focus on what truly matters.
  4. Avoid Procrastination:
    • Break large tasks into smaller, manageable chunks to make them less overwhelming.
  5. Delegate: If possible, delegate tasks to others to focus on more important priorities.
  6. Time Tracking: Keep track of how your time is spent to identify areas of improvement.

Benefits of Time Management:

  • Increased Productivity: Efficient time usage leads to more output in less time.
  • Reduced Stress: Proper planning prevents last-minute rushes and stress.
  • Better Decision Making: Having a clear sense of priorities leads to more thoughtful decision-making.
  • Work-Life Balance: Effective time management allows for better personal time alongside work responsibilities.

Ways to Improve Time Management:

  • Avoid Multitasking: Focus on one task at a time for higher quality and efficiency.
  • Set Boundaries: Limit distractions (e.g., social media, unnecessary meetings).
  • Use Time-Management Tools: Tools like digital planners or Pomodoro timers can help organize your day.
  • Review and Reflect: Regularly assess your progress to improve future planning.

Stress Management

Meaning of Stress Management:

  • Definition: Stress management involves the techniques, strategies, and lifestyle adjustments that help individuals control and reduce stress. It aims to prevent the negative impacts of stress on physical and mental health.

Types of Stress:

  1. Acute Stress: Short-term, immediate stress that arises from specific situations or challenges.
  2. Chronic Stress: Long-term stress caused by ongoing life challenges or an inability to cope with them.
  3. Eustress: Positive stress that motivates and energizes individuals.
  4. Distress: Negative stress that overwhelms an individual’s ability to cope.

Techniques for Stress Management:

  1. Exercise: Physical activity helps reduce tension, release endorphins, and improve mood.
  2. Relaxation Techniques:
    • Deep Breathing: Focus on slow, deep breaths to reduce physiological stress responses.
    • Meditation: Mindfulness or guided meditation helps calm the mind and reduce stress.
  3. Time Management: Organizing tasks and managing time effectively reduces stress caused by overwhelming workloads.
  4. Social Support: Connecting with friends, family, or colleagues provides emotional relief and practical advice.
  5. Healthy Lifestyle: Proper nutrition, adequate sleep, and regular physical activity all contribute to managing stress.
  6. Cognitive Reframing: Changing the way you think about stressful situations to reduce their impact.

Benefits of Stress Management:

  • Improved Mental Health: Helps reduce anxiety, depression, and other negative emotional states.
  • Better Physical Health: Reduces risk factors associated with chronic stress, such as hypertension and heart disease.
  • Enhanced Productivity: Reduced stress leads to better focus, creativity, and decision-making abilities.
  • Improved Relationships: Managing stress helps in maintaining better relationships with colleagues, friends, and family.

Ways to Manage Stress Effectively:

  • Identify Stressors: Recognize the situations, people, or tasks that trigger stress and find ways to mitigate them.
  • Practice Mindfulness: Staying present in the moment can reduce the impact of stressors and prevent overthinking.
  • Develop Healthy Habits: Maintaining regular exercise, good nutrition, and proper sleep enhances stress resilience.

In summary, Empathy, Emotional Intelligence, Time Management, and Stress Management are crucial elements for personal well-being and professional success. Mastering these skills helps individuals navigate life more effectively, build stronger relationships, and maintain mental and emotional balance. Let me know if you’d like more details on any of these topics!

Personal Effectiveness

Meaning of Personal Effectiveness:

  • Definition: Personal effectiveness refers to an individual’s ability to manage time, resources, and personal capabilities in ways that lead to achieving their goals and maximizing their potential. It involves being proactive, self-disciplined, and focused on continuous self-improvement.

Key Factors for Personal Effectiveness:

  1. Goal Setting: Setting clear, specific, and actionable goals is the foundation of personal effectiveness.
  2. Time Management: Effectively allocating time to tasks and activities, minimizing distractions, and prioritizing what matters most.
  3. Self-Motivation: Staying motivated, even when facing challenges, and maintaining enthusiasm towards one’s goals.
  4. Emotional Intelligence: Managing emotions effectively to stay calm, focused, and positive in stressful situations.
  5. Self-Discipline: The ability to consistently take actions toward goals despite distractions or temptations.
  6. Resilience: Overcoming setbacks and failures by adapting and bouncing back with determination.

Benefits of Personal Effectiveness:

  • Increased Productivity: By prioritizing tasks and focusing on high-value actions, productivity increases.
  • Improved Decision Making: Personal effectiveness helps in making thoughtful, confident, and well-informed decisions.
  • Work-Life Balance: A focus on personal effectiveness helps manage both professional and personal aspects of life with ease.
  • Increased Confidence: Mastering personal effectiveness boosts self-assurance in achieving goals.

Ways to Enhance Personal Effectiveness:

  • Time Blocking: Allocate specific blocks of time for focused work, breaks, and personal activities.
  • Continuous Learning: Commit to regular learning and skill development to improve efficiency.
  • Positive Mindset: Cultivate a mindset of optimism and problem-solving to maintain motivation.

Personal Grooming, Health & Hygiene

Meaning of Personal Grooming:

  • Definition: Personal grooming refers to the process of taking care of one’s physical appearance, hygiene, and overall presentation. It includes activities like hair care, dressing well, maintaining good hygiene, and being mindful of body language.

Importance of Personal Grooming:

  • First Impressions: Grooming helps create a positive first impression in both personal and professional settings.
  • Confidence Boost: When an individual feels well-groomed, it boosts self-esteem and confidence.
  • Health and Hygiene: Good personal grooming ensures proper hygiene, which is essential for physical health.

Key Aspects of Personal Grooming:

  1. Hair Care: Regular washing, trimming, and styling to maintain a clean, healthy look.
  2. Skin Care: Proper cleaning, moisturizing, and protecting skin from environmental factors.
  3. Clothing: Dressing appropriately for different occasions, ensuring clothes are clean, well-fitting, and appropriate for the setting.
  4. Oral Hygiene: Brushing and flossing teeth regularly, and maintaining fresh breath.
  5. Hand and Nail Care: Keeping nails trimmed, clean, and cared for.

Health & Hygiene:

  • Regular Exercise: Maintaining physical health through regular exercise helps in overall well-being and energy.
  • Balanced Diet: Eating a nutritious, balanced diet supports health, energy levels, and skin appearance.
  • Adequate Sleep: Sufficient sleep is crucial for mental clarity, physical recovery, and emotional regulation.
  • Hand Washing: Maintaining hygiene by washing hands regularly prevents the spread of germs.

Body Language Gestures

Meaning of Body Language:

  • Definition: Body language refers to non-verbal communication through facial expressions, posture, gestures, and eye contact. It conveys feelings, intentions, and emotions without the use of words.

Key Types of Body Language:

  1. Facial Expressions: The face is a strong indicator of emotional state. Smiling, frowning, and eyebrow movement convey happiness, confusion, or anger.
  2. Posture: Body posture (e.g., standing upright vs. slouching) communicates confidence, openness, or defensiveness.
  3. Gestures: Hand movements, nods, and other gestures can emphasize points during communication or indicate agreement or disagreement.
  4. Eye Contact: The way we use eye contact can convey attention, trustworthiness, or discomfort.
  5. Touch: A handshake, pat on the back, or other physical touches can demonstrate warmth, encouragement, or dominance.
  6. Space (Proxemics): How close you stand to someone can indicate intimacy, aggression, or respect.

How to Use Body Language Effectively:

  • Maintain Good Posture: Stand or sit up straight to convey confidence.
  • Smile: A genuine smile promotes a positive environment and makes interactions more approachable.
  • Make Eye Contact: Proper eye contact shows attentiveness, honesty, and respect.
  • Be Mindful of Personal Space: Respect others’ personal space to avoid discomfort.

Commitment, Ethics, and Morality

Commitment:

  • Definition: Commitment is the dedication and responsibility to a cause, task, or goal. It involves persistence, reliability, and a willingness to put in sustained effort to achieve desired outcomes.

Ethics:

  • Definition: Ethics refers to the principles of right and wrong that guide individuals’ behavior and decision-making processes. It involves making choices that align with values, fairness, and integrity.

Morality:

  • Definition: Morality is the system of principles and values that distinguish right from wrong and guide individuals’ conduct in society. It involves adhering to societal norms and behaving in a socially acceptable manner.

Importance of Commitment, Ethics, and Morality:

  • Trust: Adhering to ethical and moral principles builds trust in personal and professional relationships.
  • Integrity: A commitment to ethical behavior leads to personal integrity, which is valued by others.
  • Long-Term Success: Ethical behavior ensures sustainable success and reputation, whereas unethical practices often lead to negative consequences.

How to Demonstrate Commitment, Ethics, and Morality:

  • Stay True to Values: Align actions with personal and professional values to maintain integrity.
  • Accountability: Take responsibility for your actions and decisions.
  • Fairness: Treat others with fairness and respect, and make decisions based on ethical standards.

Growth Motivation

Meaning of Growth Motivation:

  • Definition: Growth motivation refers to the internal drive that compels individuals to pursue personal development, learning, and self-improvement. It is the desire to evolve, overcome challenges, and become the best version of oneself.

Key Drivers of Growth Motivation:

  1. Intrinsic Motivation: The inner desire for self-improvement, mastery, and personal fulfillment, rather than external rewards.
  2. Autonomy: The desire for independence and control over one’s life and choices.
  3. Mastery: The drive to gain skills and expertise in a particular area.
  4. Purpose: A strong sense of meaning and direction in life, driving individuals to work towards significant goals.

Ways to Foster Growth Motivation:

  1. Set Clear, Meaningful Goals: Goals should be challenging but attainable and aligned with personal values.
  2. Celebrate Progress: Acknowledge small achievements on the path to larger goals to maintain motivation.
  3. Stay Curious: Continuously seek opportunities for learning and improvement.
  4. Surround Yourself with Supportive People: Being in an environment of like-minded, positive individuals fosters growth.

Benefits of Growth Motivation:

  • Personal Fulfillment: Continuous growth leads to a sense of purpose and satisfaction.
  • Increased Resilience: Motivated individuals are better able to handle setbacks and remain persistent.
  • Career Success: A focus on growth often leads to better job performance, promotions, and satisfaction in the workplace.

In summary, Personal Effectiveness, Personal Grooming, Body Language Gestures, Commitment, Ethics, and Morality, and Growth Motivation are all essential components for an individual’s personal and professional development. These concepts help improve self-awareness, enhance interpersonal relationships, foster resilience, and promote ethical and motivated behavior. Let me know if you’d like more details or examples on any of these!

Unit 2

Here’s a detailed explanation of Attitudes and Values:

Attitudes

Concept and Meaning of Attitude:

  • Definition: Attitude is a psychological tendency expressed by evaluating something (a person, object, or situation) with favor or disfavor.
  • Key Components:
    • Affective: Emotional feelings toward something (e.g., liking or disliking).
    • Cognitive: Beliefs and thoughts about something.
    • Behavioral: How one intends to act based on their feelings and thoughts.

Features of Attitude:

  1. Learned: Attitudes are acquired through experience and social interactions.
  2. Evaluative: They involve a judgment (positive, negative, or neutral).
  3. Influential: Attitudes affect behavior, decisions, and relationships.
  4. Relatively Stable: While they can change, they are often stable over time.
  5. Situational: Attitudes can vary depending on the situation.

Sources of Attitudes:

  1. Family and Upbringing: Early experiences with parents and family shape attitudes.
  2. Social Influences: Peers, culture, and society contribute to attitude formation.
  3. Education and Knowledge: Exposure to new ideas and learning can develop or change attitudes.
  4. Personal Experiences: Life events influence beliefs and emotional reactions.
  5. Media: Television, internet, and social media play a significant role in shaping opinions.

Types of Attitudes at the Workplace:

  1. Job Satisfaction: Positive feelings about one’s job.
  2. Organizational Commitment: Loyalty and attachment to the organization.
  3. Work Engagement: Dedication and enthusiasm toward work.
  4. Workplace Behavior Attitudes:
    • Positive (e.g., proactiveness, teamwork).
    • Negative (e.g., resistance to change, cynicism).

Modification of Attitudes:

  1. Education and Training: Providing new knowledge to reshape beliefs.
  2. Cognitive Dissonance: Changing attitudes to resolve inconsistencies between beliefs and actions.
  3. Influence of Role Models: Adopting attitudes from respected individuals.
  4. Communication: Persuasion through logical reasoning and emotional appeal.
  5. Organizational Culture: A supportive workplace environment can shift negative attitudes.

Values

Concept and Meaning of Values:

  • Definition: Values are enduring beliefs or standards that guide an individual’s behavior and decisions by defining what is right, wrong, or desirable.
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Reflect core beliefs and ideals.
    • Provide a sense of purpose and direction.
    • Serve as a foundation for attitudes and actions.

Types of Values:

  1. Personal Values: Individual preferences (e.g., honesty, loyalty).
  2. Cultural Values: Shared values within a society or community (e.g., respect for elders).
  3. Workplace Values:
    • Ethical Values: Integrity, accountability.
    • Professional Values: Excellence, innovation.
    • Social Values: Teamwork, empathy.
  4. Terminal Values: End goals or desired outcomes (e.g., happiness, success).
  5. Instrumental Values: Means to achieve end goals (e.g., hard work, perseverance).

Factors Affecting Values:

  1. Family: Primary source of values, especially during childhood.
  2. Society and Culture: Norms and traditions shape value systems.
  3. Education: Formal learning influences moral and ethical perspectives.
  4. Life Experiences: Critical events can alter value priorities.
  5. Religion and Philosophy: Provide a moral framework for behavior.
  6. Peers and Social Groups: Influence through shared interests and interactions.

By understanding and aligning attitudes and values, individuals and organizations can create harmonious, productive, and ethical environments. Let me know if you need further insights!

Unit 3

Here’s a detailed explanation of Teams and Groups:

Groups

Meaning of Groups:

  • Definition: A group is a collection of two or more individuals who interact with one another, share common goals, and perceive themselves as part of the group.
  • Key Points:
    • Interaction is the foundation of a group.
    • Members influence each other’s behaviors and attitudes.

Features of Groups:

  1. Interaction: Members regularly communicate with one another.
  2. Common Goals: Shared objectives bind members together.
  3. Interdependence: Members depend on each other for achieving goals.
  4. Structure: Groups have roles, norms, and rules that guide members.
  5. Sense of Belonging: Members feel a psychological connection to the group.

Types of Groups:

  1. Formal Groups:
    • Defined by the organization to achieve specific goals.
    • Examples: Project teams, committees, departments.
  2. Informal Groups:
    • Naturally formed based on personal relationships and common interests.
    • Examples: Friends at work, lunch groups.

Theories of Group Formation:

  1. Propinquity Theory: Groups form due to physical or geographical proximity.
  2. Balance Theory: People form groups with those whose attitudes and beliefs align with their own.
  3. Exchange Theory: Groups are formed to maximize rewards and minimize costs.
  4. Tuckman’s Model:
    • Forming: Group members come together and get to know one another.
    • Storming: Members may face conflicts over roles and goals.
    • Norming: The group establishes norms and becomes cohesive.
    • Performing: The group works effectively toward achieving goals.
    • Adjourning: The group disbands after achieving objectives.

Reasons for Group Formation:

  1. Social Needs: Desire for interaction and a sense of belonging.
  2. Security: Being part of a group provides safety and confidence.
  3. Goal Achievement: Groups help accomplish tasks that individuals cannot.
  4. Status: Membership in a group enhances personal prestige.
  5. Information and Knowledge Sharing: Groups enable learning and idea exchange.

Group Performance

Group performance refers to the effectiveness and efficiency with which a group works together to achieve its objectives. It is the result of how well the group members coordinate their efforts, utilize their individual skills, and work towards the common goal.

Key Factors Influencing Group Performance:

  1. Clear Goals: When the group has clear, well-defined goals, performance tends to be more focused and efficient.
  2. Communication: Effective communication allows for the smooth exchange of ideas, reduces misunderstandings, and ensures everyone is aligned.
  3. Team Member Skills and Expertise: The better the individual skills and knowledge of team members, the higher the group’s performance.
  4. Group Cohesion: A cohesive group is more likely to cooperate and work effectively together. Cohesion boosts motivation and helps overcome challenges.
  5. Leadership: Strong leadership helps direct the group, resolve conflicts, and ensure that resources and roles are allocated efficiently.
  6. Conflict Resolution: Proper management of conflicts ensures that they don’t impede progress and that the group continues to move towards its goals.

Measures of Group Performance:

  • Productivity: The amount of output the group produces.
  • Quality: The standard of work the group achieves.
  • Timeliness: The ability to complete tasks on time.
  • Creativity and Innovation: The group’s ability to come up with new ideas and approaches.

Group Roles

Group roles refer to the specific functions and responsibilities assigned to each member within a group. These roles help define how a group operates and how members contribute to its objectives.

Types of Group Roles:

  1. Task Roles:
    • These roles are focused on accomplishing the group’s goals and objectives. Examples include:
      • Leader: Guides the group and makes decisions.
      • Recorder: Takes notes and ensures that key points are documented.
      • Researcher: Gathers information relevant to the group’s tasks.
      • Innovator: Suggests creative ideas or solutions.
  2. Maintenance Roles:
    • These roles help maintain positive relationships and support group dynamics. Examples include:
      • Facilitator: Encourages participation and ensures smooth interaction.
      • Mediator: Resolves conflicts within the group.
      • Supporter: Offers emotional support and encouragement to others.
      • Harmonizer: Helps reduce tension and ensures the group remains unified.
  3. Individual Roles:
    • These roles can detract from the group’s effectiveness as they focus more on personal needs rather than group goals. Examples include:
      • Dominator: Tries to control the group’s activities or discussions.
      • Withdrawer: Avoids participation and can negatively impact group dynamics.
      • Clown: Distracts others with humor or off-topic discussions.

The Importance of Group Roles:

  • Clarifies expectations.
  • Ensures efficient collaboration.
  • Prevents role conflict by defining responsibilities.
  • Improves group dynamics and productivity.

Group Norms

Group norms are the informal, often unwritten rules that guide behavior, interaction, and decision-making within a group. They evolve over time and can shape how members behave and relate to one another.

Types of Group Norms:

  1. Task-related Norms:
    • These norms dictate how work should be approached, the standard of quality expected, and how the group manages tasks.
    • Example: A norm that emphasizes punctuality for meetings or deadlines.
  2. Interactional Norms:
    • These norms regulate how members communicate, interact, and cooperate with one another.
    • Example: A norm of active listening or encouraging respectful dialogue.
  3. Cultural Norms:
    • These norms pertain to values, ethics, and behaviors that are based on the group’s collective beliefs and values.
    • Example: A norm of teamwork or collaboration over individual performance.

The Role of Group Norms:

  • Provide Structure: They help maintain order and consistency in group behavior.
  • Influence Behavior: Norms guide how members behave, often without explicit instructions.
  • Foster Group Identity: Shared norms strengthen group cohesion and identity.
  • Promote Efficiency: By aligning behavior, norms reduce conflict and increase productivity.

Group Cohesion

Group cohesion refers to the bond that holds the group together, motivating members to work cooperatively and stay committed to the group’s goals.

Factors Influencing Group Cohesion:

  1. Shared Goals: When all group members are aligned on the same objectives, cohesion increases.
  2. Interpersonal Relationships: Positive relationships among members strengthen cohesion and encourage collaboration.
  3. Group Success: The experience of success reinforces group unity, while failure can create friction.
  4. Communication: Open, honest communication fosters trust and solidarity among members.
  5. Group Size: Smaller groups tend to have stronger cohesion since it’s easier to maintain close relationships.

Benefits of Group Cohesion:

  • Increased Cooperation: Cohesive groups work together more effectively.
  • Better Performance: Groups with high cohesion tend to perform better due to the willingness of members to collaborate and contribute.
  • Emotional Support: Cohesion provides a supportive environment, which boosts morale and resilience.

Problems/Difficulties of Informal Groups

Informal groups are naturally formed within formal organizations, often based on shared interests, friendships, or common goals. While they can be beneficial for personal support and bonding, they also present some challenges.

Common Problems/Difficulties of Informal Groups:

  1. Conflict with Organizational Goals:
    • Informal groups may have their own objectives, which can conflict with the formal goals of the organization. This can lead to a lack of alignment and inefficiency.
  2. Groupthink:
    • When informal groups become too cohesive, they might experience groupthink, where critical thinking is stifled, and members may suppress their own doubts to conform to the group’s opinion.
  3. Cliques and Exclusion:
    • Informal groups can lead to cliques, where certain members are favored and others are excluded, causing feelings of isolation and resentment within the wider team.
  4. Resistance to Change:
    • Informal groups may resist organizational changes or new policies if they conflict with their established group dynamics or beliefs, leading to friction with management.
  5. Increased Stress or Pressure:
    • Informal groups may pressure members to conform to group norms or behaviors, which could be stressful for individuals who feel the need to align with the group despite personal discomfort.
  6. Disruptive Influence:
    • In some cases, informal groups can disrupt the overall functioning of the organization by spreading rumors, undermining authority, or fostering negative attitudes.
  7. Lack of Accountability:
    • Informal groups may lack clear roles or accountability, leading to inefficiencies or confusion regarding who is responsible for certain tasks.

Addressing Issues with Informal Groups:

  • Clear Communication: Encourage transparency and regular communication to align informal groups with organizational goals.
  • Inclusive Environment: Promote a culture of inclusion where all team members feel valued, regardless of their association with informal groups.
  • Conflict Management: Address conflicts between informal groups and formal structures quickly to prevent disruption.
  • Monitor and Guide: While informal groups can have positive aspects, leaders should monitor their influence and guide them to ensure they align with organizational values and objectives.

In conclusion, Group Performance, Group Roles, Group Norms, and Group Cohesion are integral aspects of teamwork. They influence how well the group works together and achieves its objectives. However, Informal Groups can also present challenges, such as resistance to change or conflict with organizational goals. Effective leadership and management can help harness the benefits of group dynamics while mitigating potential problems.

Meaning of Teams

A team is a group of individuals who come together to achieve common goals, often relying on each other’s skills, knowledge, and strengths. Unlike groups, where members may have individual goals, a team’s success depends on collaboration and collective effort toward shared objectives.

Key Characteristics of a Team:

  • Shared Purpose: A team works towards a common goal or objective.
  • Interdependence: Members rely on each other’s skills and efforts to achieve the goal.
  • Communication: Regular interaction and clear communication among members.
  • Accountability: Team members are responsible for their individual and collective contributions.
  • Cohesion: A sense of unity and cooperation, which strengthens the team’s commitment and performance.

Types of Teams

  1. Functional Teams:
    • Definition: Teams where members perform specific tasks based on their expertise or roles in the organization (e.g., marketing team, finance team).
    • Characteristics:
      • Defined roles.
      • Stable, long-term membership.
      • Clear reporting lines.
  2. Cross-Functional Teams:
    • Definition: Teams that bring together members from different departments or specialties to work on a specific project or task.
    • Characteristics:
      • Diverse skills and perspectives.
      • Temporary in nature.
      • Often used for innovation, problem-solving, or projects requiring varied expertise.
  3. Self-Managed Teams:
    • Definition: Teams that operate with a high degree of autonomy, with members making decisions and managing their own work processes.
    • Characteristics:
      • Low supervision.
      • High responsibility and accountability.
      • Members typically have broad expertise.
  4. Virtual Teams:
    • Definition: Teams where members are geographically dispersed and rely on technology (e.g., video conferencing, email, etc.) to communicate and collaborate.
    • Characteristics:
      • Remote work.
      • Technology-dependent.
      • Requires strong communication skills.
  5. Project Teams:
    • Definition: Teams formed for a specific project or task, often with a set deadline.
    • Characteristics:
      • Task-focused.
      • Temporary.
      • Often cross-functional in nature.
  6. Task Forces:
    • Definition: Temporary teams created to address a specific problem or challenge within an organization.
    • Characteristics:
      • Short-term focus.
      • Highly specialized knowledge.
      • Intense focus on problem-solving.
  7. Advisory Teams:
    • Definition: Groups of experts who provide guidance or advice on specific issues or decisions.
    • Characteristics:
      • High expertise.
      • Provide input but do not make decisions.
      • Often temporary or ongoing.

Building an Effective Team

To build an effective team, there are several key elements that need to be considered:

  1. Clear Goals and Objectives:
    • Ensure that the team has a shared vision, clear objectives, and a common purpose. This helps align efforts and gives direction to the team.
  2. Diverse Skills and Roles:
    • A well-rounded team consists of individuals with varied skills, experiences, and knowledge. This diversity allows for creativity and better problem-solving.
  3. Open Communication:
    • Foster an environment where open and honest communication is encouraged. Team members should feel comfortable sharing ideas, concerns, and feedback.
  4. Trust and Respect:
    • Trust is essential for teamwork. Members should trust each other’s abilities and decisions. Building mutual respect creates a positive, collaborative environment.
  5. Team Building Activities:
    • Engage the team in exercises or activities that strengthen relationships, improve collaboration, and build camaraderie.
  6. Defined Roles and Responsibilities:
    • Assign clear roles and responsibilities to ensure everyone knows their tasks and is accountable for them.
  7. Conflict Resolution:
    • Conflicts are natural in any team, but they should be addressed constructively. Encourage open discussion of differences and work toward mutually acceptable solutions.
  8. Feedback and Recognition:
    • Provide regular feedback and celebrate achievements. Recognition of individual and team efforts boosts motivation and morale.
  9. Continuous Improvement:
    • Encourage learning and growth within the team. Reflect on past experiences and implement changes that can improve future team dynamics and performance.

Leadership Skills for Building Effective Teams

Effective leadership is key to guiding and sustaining a high-performing team. Here are essential leadership skills for team building:

  1. Visionary Leadership:
    • A leader should have a clear vision for the team and be able to communicate it effectively. This gives team members a sense of direction and purpose.
  2. Decision-Making:
    • Leaders should be able to make informed decisions quickly and with confidence, considering the impact on the team and the organization.
  3. Motivation and Inspiration:
    • A good leader motivates the team to achieve its goals. This can be done through encouragement, setting high expectations, and recognizing accomplishments.
  4. Empathy and Emotional Intelligence:
    • Understanding and managing team members’ emotions is crucial. A leader with emotional intelligence is attuned to the team’s needs and can adjust their leadership style accordingly.
  5. Delegation:
    • Leaders must be able to delegate tasks effectively, trusting team members to complete them while providing support when needed.
  6. Conflict Management:
    • Leaders should have the ability to manage and resolve conflicts within the team. This ensures a harmonious working environment and prevents issues from escalating.
  7. Adaptability:
    • A leader must be flexible and able to adjust strategies when necessary, especially when circumstances change or new challenges arise.
  8. Clear Communication:
    • Effective leaders communicate expectations, goals, and feedback clearly. This helps avoid misunderstandings and ensures everyone is on the same page.
  9. Mentoring and Coaching:
    • Good leaders act as mentors to their team members, providing guidance and helping them develop their skills and potential.
  10. Building Trust:
    • Leaders must foster a climate of trust by being transparent, consistent, and supportive of their team members.

In summary, effective teams are built on clear goals, diverse skills, open communication, trust, and strong leadership. A successful team leader should possess a mix of visionary leadership, empathy, conflict resolution, and strong communication skills to ensure that the team functions well and achieves its goals.

Unit 4

Career Development and Planning

Meaning of Career:

  • Definition: A career is a series of connected work experiences, jobs, or roles that individuals undertake throughout their lives. It reflects personal growth, professional achievements, and aspirations in their chosen field.
  • Key Features:
    • Lifelong Process: Careers evolve as individuals gain skills, experience, and maturity.
    • Dynamic: Careers adapt to changes in interests, opportunities, and external environments.
    • Personal Identity: A career is often tied to one’s sense of purpose and identity.

Meaning of Career Planning:

  • Definition: Career planning is the process of setting career objectives, identifying the steps to achieve them, and implementing a strategic plan to align personal goals with professional aspirations.
  • Key Aspects:
    • Self-assessment of skills, interests, and values.
    • Exploration of career opportunities.
    • Creation of a roadmap for achieving career goals.

Need/Importance of Career Planning:

  1. Clarifies Goals:
    • Helps individuals define short-term and long-term career objectives.
  2. Improves Decision-Making:
    • Facilitates informed decisions regarding education, training, and job opportunities.
  3. Enhances Professional Growth:
    • Encourages skill development and learning to stay competitive in the job market.
  4. Increases Job Satisfaction:
    • Aligns personal interests and strengths with career choices, leading to fulfillment.
  5. Adaptability to Change:
    • Prepares individuals to navigate career transitions and uncertainties.
  6. Prevents Career Stagnation:
    • Ensures continuous progress and exploration of new opportunities.
  7. Aligns with Organizational Goals:
    • Helps employees contribute effectively to their organizations while achieving personal aspirations.

Steps in the Career Planning Process:

1. Self-Assessment:

  • Purpose: To evaluate one’s skills, values, interests, and personality traits.
  • Key Actions:
    • Identify strengths and weaknesses.
    • Reflect on personal passions and motivators.
    • Use tools like personality tests, skill assessments, or career inventories.

2. Exploring Career Options:

  • Purpose: To research and analyze potential career paths.
  • Key Actions:
    • Gather information about industries, roles, and trends.
    • Identify careers that align with personal interests and skills.
    • Network with professionals and attend career events.

3. Setting Career Goals:

  • Purpose: To define specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives.
  • Key Actions:
    • Set short-term goals (e.g., acquiring new skills, certifications).
    • Establish long-term goals (e.g., reaching a senior leadership role).

4. Developing an Action Plan:

  • Purpose: To create a step-by-step roadmap to achieve career goals.
  • Key Actions:
    • Identify required education, training, or certifications.
    • Build a timeline with milestones for progress.
    • Seek mentorship and guidance.

5. Implementation:

  • Purpose: To take proactive steps toward achieving career goals.
  • Key Actions:
    • Apply for jobs, internships, or training programs.
    • Build professional networks through events and platforms like LinkedIn.
    • Gain experience and adapt strategies based on feedback.

6. Evaluation and Adjustment:

  • Purpose: To regularly review progress and make necessary changes to the plan.
  • Key Actions:
    • Assess achievements and gaps in progress.
    • Revisit goals and refine strategies based on new opportunities or changes in interests.
    • Stay flexible to accommodate shifts in personal or professional circumstances.

By following these steps, individuals can take charge of their professional journeys, achieve their ambitions, and ensure lifelong growth and fulfillment. Let me know if you need deeper insights into any aspect!

Unit 5

Business Etiquettes & Manners

Meaning of Business Etiquettes:

  • Definition: Business etiquette refers to the set of unwritten rules, social norms, and professional conduct that govern interactions in a corporate or business environment.
  • Key Features:
    • Maintains professionalism.
    • Enhances mutual respect among colleagues and clients.
    • Reflects cultural sensitivity and awareness.

Advantages/Benefits of Business Etiquettes:

  1. Builds Professional Relationships:
    • Creates trust, respect, and a positive impression.
    • Fosters strong relationships with colleagues, clients, and stakeholders.
  2. Improves Communication:
    • Ensures clarity, respect, and efficiency in verbal and non-verbal communication.
  3. Enhances Business Image:
    • Professional behavior contributes to the company’s reputation.
  4. Encourages Workplace Harmony:
    • Reduces conflicts and misunderstandings, promoting a cooperative work environment.
  5. Supports Career Growth:
    • Demonstrating good manners and professionalism can lead to better career opportunities.
  6. Increases Client Retention:
    • Polite and professional conduct improves client satisfaction and loyalty.

Etiquette of the Written Word:

  1. Professional Language:
    • Use clear, concise, and formal language.
    • Avoid slang, jargon, or overly casual tone unless appropriate.
  2. Proper Structure:
    • Use a professional format (e.g., subject line, salutation, body, and signature).
    • Ensure logical flow and readability.
  3. Grammar and Spelling:
    • Proofread for errors to ensure accuracy and professionalism.
  4. Timeliness:
    • Respond to emails and messages promptly to show respect for the recipient’s time.
  5. Clarity:
    • Be direct and specific about the purpose of the communication.
  6. Confidentiality:
    • Handle sensitive information discreetly and securely.

Telephone Etiquettes:

  1. Answer Promptly:
    • Pick up calls within 2-3 rings to avoid delays.
  2. Identify Yourself:
    • Begin the call by stating your name and organization.
  3. Use a Polite Tone:
    • Speak clearly and with a courteous, professional tone.
  4. Active Listening:
    • Avoid interrupting the caller and show attentiveness.
  5. Avoid Multitasking:
    • Give your full attention to the call to ensure effective communication.
  6. Ending the Call:
    • Conclude the conversation politely and ensure the caller has no additional questions.
  7. Voicemail Etiquette:
    • Leave clear, concise messages and include your contact details.

Business Meetings:

Types of Business Meetings:

  1. Formal Meetings:
    • Structured with agendas and documented minutes.
    • Examples: Board meetings, project review meetings.
  2. Informal Meetings:
    • Less structured, often used for brainstorming or quick discussions.
    • Examples: Team huddles, casual catch-ups.
  3. Virtual Meetings:
    • Conducted online using tools like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, or Google Meet.
    • Ideal for remote teams or international collaborations.
  4. Client Meetings:
    • Focused on presentations, negotiations, or maintaining client relationships.
  5. Team Meetings:
    • Regular discussions to track progress, share updates, and solve issues.
  6. Training and Workshops:
    • Organized for learning, skill development, or knowledge sharing.

Handling Business Meetings:

Before the Meeting:

  1. Set a Clear Agenda:
    • Define the purpose, objectives, and topics to be discussed.
  2. Send Invitations:
    • Notify participants with the meeting date, time, location, and agenda.
  3. Prepare Materials:
    • Ensure all documents, presentations, and tools are ready.
  4. Confirm Attendance:
    • Follow up to ensure key participants will attend.

During the Meeting:

  1. Start on Time:
    • Begin promptly to respect everyone’s schedule.
  2. Stick to the Agenda:
    • Avoid going off-topic to maintain focus.
  3. Encourage Participation:
    • Invite input from all attendees and facilitate open discussions.
  4. Maintain Professionalism:
    • Be respectful, avoid interruptions, and control heated debates.
  5. Record Key Points:
    • Take minutes or notes for follow-up actions.

After the Meeting:

  1. Summarize Action Points:
    • Clearly define responsibilities and deadlines for tasks discussed.
  2. Circulate Minutes:
    • Share a summary of decisions and next steps with attendees.
  3. Follow Up:
    • Ensure tasks are being completed as agreed upon during the meeting.

By following these principles, individuals can exhibit professionalism and contribute to productive, respectful interactions in a business setting. Let me know if you’d like more details or examples!

Unit 5

Meaning of Etiquettes  

Webster define as the forms manners and ceremony established by convention as acceptable or required in social relations in a profession or in official life. 
 

Business Etiquettes  

It is the expected standards of behaviour in a professional or Business and Environment. It is a code ethical behaviour that helps to maintain a professional image and positive interaction in the workplace.  
 

Business Etiquettes can include 


1. Communication 
How to communicate professionally 
2. Dress and appearance 
How to dress and present yourself professionally 
3. Timelines 
Being on time for meetings and events 
4. Relationship 
How to interact with coworker managers and clients 
5. Cell phone etiquette  
How to use your phone in a professional setting. 
6. Dining etiquettes 
How to behave at business meals. 
 
Business Etiquettes can be documented in employee and books or company policies.  Some expectation maybe unspoken. For example. It might be expected that employees minimising cell phone use during meeting. Practicing good business etiquette can increase chances of success in the workplace.  
 

Elements of business etiquette  

A. Work behaviour 
1. Timely arrive to work and meetings on time, complete work assignments on time. 
2. Be polite and pleasant 
3. Appear as professional as possible 
4. Adopt a can do attitude 
5. Be flexible 
 
B. Meeting people 
When meeting people both your nonverbal and verbal behaviour help to define your social skills 
1. Develop a comfortable and keep it consistent 
2. The person with the most authority usually initiate the handshake  
3. Eye contact increases trust 
4. Introduce younger to older, non official to official, collegue to customer. 
 
C. Telephone etiquets 
Telephone conversation is oral communication. Your voice is all you have got to make the telephone conversation lively and effective. Studies have shown there only 7% is conveyed by the words used by you. Another 38% is conveyed by the tone of the voice. The remaining 55% is convened by the body language and that is missing in a telephone. The way that telephone is answered makes the first impression about the person and the company. Telephone etiquette is necessary for everyone. 
 
D. Dining etiquettes  
1. When possible late the host take the lead. 
2. Ask for suggestion and recommendations 
3. Do not order the most expensive or the least expensive 
4. When you have finished leave your plate. 
5. Always pass your food to your right. It is OK to pass to your immediate left if you are the closest to the item requested. 
6. Begin eating only after everyone has been served. 
 
E. Etiquettes of the written word 
Any relationship between people can be seen in terms of the exchange theory . This basically means that our relation ship with another person or persons is determined by the rewards that one gets from relating or interacting with  others.  In addition, relationships must be on equal terms in all aspect.  
The same rule applied to communication, especially written communication. Behind all human communication lies the emotional Underworld of motivation.  
Written communication is necessary and most effective.  
 

Handling business meeting 

Meeting enables face to face contact of a number of people at the same time. They provide a useful opportunity for selling information, making suggestions and proposals, taking decisions, and obtaining instant feedback. 
Meetings are generally held- 
To co-ordinate or arrange activities 
To give information to a group of people. 
To report on some activity or experience. 
To put forward ideas on variences for discussion. 
To create involvement and interest to obtain assessment. 
 

Types of meetings 

A. Formal meetings 
The rules of conduct for formal meetings are laid in companies article of association or constitution on standing order. With such meetings as decorum must be present that is the minimum number of people who should be present to valid in the meeting. A formal network of these meetings must be kept usually by the company secretary. 
 
1. Annual general meeting  
It is held once a year to access the trading of organisation over the year. All shareholders are invited to attend the Annual General Meeting. But they must be given 21 days notice. 
2. Statuatory Meeting 
It is called so that directors and shareholders can communicate and consider special reports. Companies are required by law to hold this meeting.  
3. Board meeting 
Board meetings are held as often the  organisation requires. They are attended by all directors and cheered by the chairperson of the board. 
 
B. Informal meeting 
Informal meetings are not restricted by the same rules and regulation as formal meetings. Such meetings may take the form of brainstorming or discussion where restric as in the may not be necessary and minute may not be kept. Have it is usually considered good business practice for an agenda to be issued to all members prior to the meeting so that they can prepare adequately in order to make valuable contribution. 
1. Management meeting 
This meeting are attendant by group of manager who may need to discuss a specific report or progress. 
2. Aepartmental meeting 
These meetings are called by the head of department or manager of certain section. All staff is invited to attend so that information can be passed on. Working parties may be set up to work together on a specific problems it or problem. All meetings progress report will be given and decisions for the farther action taken. 
3. Attending meeting 
Meetings probably account for 50 to 60% of a managers time in business. When they are conducted efficiently meetings are very effective way of helping the decision-making process, briefing the team, exchanging information and problem solving.  
 

Making meeting effective 

1. Understand the purpose of the meeting as well as your role and what is expected from you. 
2. Read all the paper in advance 
3. Make some notes about any input you would like to make. 
4. Do not sit there silently. You are a member of the meeting for a reason so be sure to give your opinion and take an active part in the meeting whenever possible. 

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